Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Efficacy of Bacteriophage Cocktail to Control E. coli O157:H7 Contamination on Baby Spinach Leaves in the Presence or Absence of Organic Load

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030544

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microplate growth inhibition assay shows a bacteriophage cocktail against Escherichia coli O157:H7 ( E. coli O157:H7) (ATCC 35150) in the presence of organic load. The data points represent the means of triplicate replication, and the error bars represent the standard deviations of three independent experiments. The bacteriophage cocktail reduced the population of E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150) significantly ( p < 0.05) compared to the control.

Article Snippet: Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 ( E. coli O157:H7) (ATCC 35150) was obtained from a freezer stock.

Techniques: Growth Inhibition Assay, Control

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Efficacy of Bacteriophage Cocktail to Control E. coli O157:H7 Contamination on Baby Spinach Leaves in the Presence or Absence of Organic Load

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030544

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150) on spinach via postharvest pathogen control measures when using bacteriophage cocktail wash solution made with potable water in a simulated dunk tank. The data and standard deviation (SD) represent the mean of triplicate replication.

Article Snippet: Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 ( E. coli O157:H7) (ATCC 35150) was obtained from a freezer stock.

Techniques: Control, Standard Deviation, Sampling, Negative Control, Positive Control

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Efficacy of Bacteriophage Cocktail to Control E. coli O157:H7 Contamination on Baby Spinach Leaves in the Presence or Absence of Organic Load

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030544

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150) on spinach via postharvest pathogen control measures when using bacteriophage cocktail wash solution made with water containing 9810 ppm of organic load in a simulated dunk tank. The data and standard deviation (SD) represent the mean of triplicate replication.

Article Snippet: Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 ( E. coli O157:H7) (ATCC 35150) was obtained from a freezer stock.

Techniques: Control, Standard Deviation, Sampling, Negative Control, Positive Control

Journal: Journal of microbiology and biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi by Natural Phenoxazinone from Octopus Ommochrome Pigments.

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Epifluorescence (10x) images of E. coli and S. aureus stained with calcein-AM and propidium iodide (red fluorescence) Live/Dead Kit under treatment with ommochromes (10-0.62 mg/ml).

Article Snippet: For the antibacterial evaluation, the gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), August 2022⎪Vol.

Techniques: Staining, Fluorescence

Journal: Journal of microbiology and biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi by Natural Phenoxazinone from Octopus Ommochrome Pigments.

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Epifluorescence images (at 10x) of (A) S. aureus, (B) B. subtilis, (C) E. coli, (D) S. Typhimurium, and (E) C. albicans treated with ommochromes and stained with fluorochrome from ROS Kit.

Article Snippet: For the antibacterial evaluation, the gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), August 2022⎪Vol.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Journal of microbiology and biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi by Natural Phenoxazinone from Octopus Ommochrome Pigments.

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Microphotographs (10X) obtained in a confocal microscope of microorganisms treated with ommochromes (10 mg/ml) and stained with fluorochrome calcein-modified (row 1) and propidium iodide (row 2) and overlapping both fluorophores (row 3). (A) S. aureus, (B) B. subtilis, (C) E. coli, (D) S. Typhimurium, (E) P. aeruginosa, (F) P. fluorescens, and (G) C. albicans.

Article Snippet: For the antibacterial evaluation, the gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), August 2022⎪Vol.

Techniques: Microscopy, Staining, Modification

Journal: Journal of microbiology and biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi by Natural Phenoxazinone from Octopus Ommochrome Pigments.

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7. Cellular turbidity inhibition (OD600) after 24 h of treatment with ommochromes at concentrations of 0.31 to 10 mg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli using chloramphenicol (100 μg/ml) as a positive control. Results represent the mean ± SD of at least 3 experiments, in triplicate. The different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) in each microorganism.

Article Snippet: For the antibacterial evaluation, the gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), August 2022⎪Vol.

Techniques: Inhibition, Positive Control

Journal: Journal of microbiology and biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi by Natural Phenoxazinone from Octopus Ommochrome Pigments.

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 9. Microbial growth (%) of bacteria treated with ommochromes (0.31-10 mg/ml) at 24 h, determined by the resazurin method for (A) S. aureus, (B) B. subtilis, (C) E. coli, (D) S. Typhimurium, and (E) P. aeruginosa, using chloramphenicol (100 μg/ml) as a positive control. Results represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least 3 experiments in triplicate. The different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: For the antibacterial evaluation, the gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), August 2022⎪Vol.

Techniques: Bacteria, Positive Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Environment international

Article Title: Untouchability of natural spa waters: Perspectives for treatments within a personalized water safety plan.

doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105095

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Bacteriostatic activity in natural SPA waters with different abiotic components and a spring drinkable water with low mi- neral content (BLM): E. coli survival after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. As additional controls were used 0.9% Saline Solution (SS) and Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS). Values of CFUs are normalized on the t0 value and data are expressed as percentage of survival. Mean value and standard deviation of ex- periments in triplicate.

Article Snippet: Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) strain was used in this study.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Incubation, Saline, Standard Deviation

Journal: Environment international

Article Title: Untouchability of natural spa waters: Perspectives for treatments within a personalized water safety plan.

doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105095

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Increment of the native antibacterial activity by TiO2 treatment. Experimental test with high mi- neral content water (W3, sulphate bicarbonate water containing alkaline hearth metals) after contamina- tion with E. coli and treatment with TiO2 nano- particles. Data were expressed as survival percen- tages of E. coli bacteria after exposition to dark, ultraviolet (UV) and white colour light at visible wavelengths. Data collected at different times of exposition: blue bars before TiO2 exposition, orange bars at 1 h and grey bars after 5 h of TiO2 exposition. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web ver- sion of this article.)

Article Snippet: Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) strain was used in this study.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Bacteria

Journal: Environment international

Article Title: Untouchability of natural spa waters: Perspectives for treatments within a personalized water safety plan.

doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105095

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Experimental test of low mineral content water contaminated with E. coli and treatment with (blue circle) or without TiO2 nanoparticles (red circle). Data were expressed as means of CFU x 102 count on agar plates incubation after 120 min exposure (T120) at several wavelengths of the visible spectrum. Starting E. coli concentration at T0: < 105 (A) and > 105 (B). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) strain was used in this study.

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Periodontitis: etiology, conventional treatments, and emerging bacteriophage and predatory bacteria therapies

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1469414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibiotic resistance in periodontal pathogens according to Abe et al. (2022) .

Article Snippet: 7 , JD-Fnp4 , F. nucleatum —several clinical isolates and two pathogenic F. nucleatum standard strains, (ATCC 25586 and ATCC 23726) , Phage remains relatively stable at a normal body temperature of 37°C, and achieves very high adsorption rate—more than 80% in a very short time 5 min; genome analysis confirmed the lack of any virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes , .

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Periodontitis: etiology, conventional treatments, and emerging bacteriophage and predatory bacteria therapies

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1469414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Examples of phage therapy against periodontitis causing bacteria.

Article Snippet: 7 , JD-Fnp4 , F. nucleatum —several clinical isolates and two pathogenic F. nucleatum standard strains, (ATCC 25586 and ATCC 23726) , Phage remains relatively stable at a normal body temperature of 37°C, and achieves very high adsorption rate—more than 80% in a very short time 5 min; genome analysis confirmed the lack of any virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes , .

Techniques: Bacteria, Lysis, Adsorption, Virus, Infection, Isolation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Periodontitis: etiology, conventional treatments, and emerging bacteriophage and predatory bacteria therapies

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1469414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Examples of the potential use of BALOs to control an oral bacterium.

Article Snippet: 7 , JD-Fnp4 , F. nucleatum —several clinical isolates and two pathogenic F. nucleatum standard strains, (ATCC 25586 and ATCC 23726) , Phage remains relatively stable at a normal body temperature of 37°C, and achieves very high adsorption rate—more than 80% in a very short time 5 min; genome analysis confirmed the lack of any virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes , .

Techniques: Control, Bacteria, In Vitro, Ex Vivo, In Vivo

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth promoting and biocontrol determinants of rice rhizosphere associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa .

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: LC/MS chromatogram of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 extract (24 h growth) demonstrating the presence of (predominantly) 1-hydroxy-phenazine, pyocyanin, and possibly lahorenoic acid analyzed at positive ion mode.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 detected by ESI-MS/MS.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Produced

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of rice rhizosphere associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 for suppression of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in pot experiments under net house conditions. Antagonistic bacteria i.e., BRp3 was applied both as seed treatment and foliar spray 1 day before clip inoculation of Xoo pathogen. Antibiotic i.e., Streptocyclin @ 5 mg/ pot was sprayed 1 day before clip inoculation (Positive control). Means are an average of four biological replicates and there were 15 plants per replicate. Means followed by the same letter differ non-significantly at p = 0.01 according to DMRT. a Experiment was conducted in small pots and b experiment was conducted in large earthen pots. Different letters show statistical significance of treatments while similar letters show non-significant differences.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Induction of defense related enzymes (A) Peroxidase (B) Catalase (C) Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and (D) Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in rice plants inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 and challenge inoculated with bacterial leaf blight causing pathogen. Healthy control (HC): Leaves of plants clip inoculated with distilled water, Infected control (IC): Leaves clip inoculated with BLB pathogen i.e., Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Forty leaves/ treatment were clip inoculated. Bars show standard deviation of four biological replicates and each replicate has 15 plants per replicate.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Infection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 for suppression of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) under field conditions. Healthy control: Leaves of plants clip inoculated with distilled water, Infected control: Leaves clip inoculated with prevalent BLB pathogen i.e., Xanthomonas oryzae pv. o ryzae (Xoo) strain isolated in the present study; Positive control: Leaves clip inoculated with BLB pathogen and plants sprayed with streptocyclin and Pseudomonas sp. BRp3: Leaves clip inoculated with BLB pathogen and plants sprayed with liquid culture of strain BRp3. Sixty leaves/ treatment were clip inoculated. Four plants per replicate were sown in 1 m row. Suppression of BLB was measured in terms of reduction in the mean bacterial blight lesion length on treated leaves compared to those of non-inoculated control. Bars show standard deviation of three biological replicates. Means followed by the same letter differ non-significantly at p = 0.05 according to DMRT.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Infection, Isolation, Positive Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 on yield parameters of rice in the presence of Xoo pathogen (A) straw weight and (B) grain weight. Four plants per replicate were sown in 1 m row; Bars show standard deviation of three biological replicates. Means followed by the same letter differ non-significantly at p = 0.05 according to DMRT.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 on yield parameters of rice variety Super Basmati in a field experiment in the absence of Xoo pathogen. (A) Straw weight and (B) grain weight. Un-inoculated with 80% of the recommended doses of nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Un-inoculated with full dose of the recommended N and P fertilizers. “ BioPower ” a consortium of bacterial strains is a commercial biofertilizer product of NIBGE. Bars show standard deviation of four biological replicates. Means followed by the same letter differ non-significantly at p = 0.05 according to DMRT. Plot size was 28 m 2 .

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rice root colonization in response to different treatments in a field experiment. Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 was applied both as seed treatment and foliar spray 1 day before clip inoculation of rice bacterial blight pathogen. Foliar spray of antibiotic streptocyclin was used as positive control while non-inoculated plants with and without pathogen, were used as infected and healthy controls, respectively. Bars represent the standard deviation of three biological replicates. Four plants per replicate were sown in 1 m row and three root samples from each replicate were collected. Means followed by the same letter differ non-significantly at p = 0.05 according to DMRT. CFU, Colony forming units represent total viable count.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Positive Control, Infection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 on the roots (A) and shoots (B) of field-grown rice plants. Enumeration of bacterial population was determined by viable count method. Root and shoot samples were collected from field-grown rice plants. Four plants per replicate were sown in 1 m row and three root/shoot samples from each replicate were collected. Bars represent the standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter differ non-significantly at p = 0.05 according to DMRT.CFU, Colony forming units.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01895

Figure Lengend Snippet: Colonization of 21-days old rice roots by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 studied by fluorescence antibodies staining and CLSM. (A–D) FITC-Immunofluorescence images by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of whole root after staining by fluorescent antibody (FA) technique. Un-inoculated control (A) , Rice roots inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3 (B,C) grown in sterile sand under net house conditions and (D) under field conditions. B, Bacteria; RC, Root cell; RH, Root hair.

Article Snippet: Absence of hemolytic activity on blood agar plates (Unpublished data) indicated that rhizospheric P. aeruginosa BRp3 may be unlikely to be a human pathogen (Radhapriya et al., ) but whole genome of this bacterium will be sequenced and compared with non-pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains like ATCC 15442 (Wang et al., ) to better understand the pathogenicity for its safe application.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Essential Oils Extracted from Organic Propolis Residues: An Exploratory Analysis of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties and Volatile Profile

doi: 10.3390/molecules26154694

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of essential oils from crude organic propolis (EOP) and from its moist residue (EOMR) and dry residue (EODR) on the growth kinetics of E. coli ( A ) and L. plantarum ( B ) at the concentration of 14.8 mg/mL. Dotted curves indicate the experimental data and dashed curves are the adjusted data using the modified Gompertz model. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation.

Article Snippet: In this study, the EOs from crude propolis (EOP) and from its moist residue (EOMR) and dry residue (EODR) were tested for their in vitro antibacterial on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (pathogenic model) and Lactobacillus plantarum ATTC 8014 (beneficial model), which are microorganisms commonly occurring in the pigs’ gut.

Techniques: Residue, Concentration Assay, Modification, Standard Deviation

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Essential Oils Extracted from Organic Propolis Residues: An Exploratory Analysis of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties and Volatile Profile

doi: 10.3390/molecules26154694

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of essential oils from crude organic propolis (EOP) and from its moist residue (EOMR) and dry residue (EODR) on the maximal bacterial culture density ( D ), maximum specific growth rate (µ max ), and lag phase duration (λ) of E. coli ( A ) and L. plantarum ( B ). Columns with different letters indicate statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05). Vertical bars represent the standard deviation.

Article Snippet: In this study, the EOs from crude propolis (EOP) and from its moist residue (EOMR) and dry residue (EODR) were tested for their in vitro antibacterial on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (pathogenic model) and Lactobacillus plantarum ATTC 8014 (beneficial model), which are microorganisms commonly occurring in the pigs’ gut.

Techniques: Residue, Standard Deviation

Journal:

Article Title: Proteases as Markers for Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species of Acanthamoeba

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acanthamoeba strains tested in the present study

Article Snippet: Immortalized corneal epithelial cells, kindly provided by D. Walton (Department of Medicine, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom), were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM; Sigma catalog no. M3786) without serum at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Designation Species Strain a Source b Pathogenicity tested by CPE assays Sp1 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp2 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp3 A. castellanii ATCC 30234 Fresh water, U.S. Pathogen Sp4 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp5 A. palestinensis CCAP 1547/1 Soil, Israel (1933) Nonpathogen Sp6 A. astronyxis CCAP 1534/1 Fresh water, U.S. (1944) Nonpathogen Sp7 A. polyphaga CCAP 1501/3C Fresh water, U.S. (1967) Nonpathogen Sp8 A. royreba CCAP 1501/7 BeWo tissue culture, U.S. (1977) Nonpathogen Sp9 A. griffini ATCC 30731 Marine, U.S.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Proteases as Markers for Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species of Acanthamoeba

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Extracellular protease activities of pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of Acanthamoeba obtained by colorimetric assay. Sp1, Acanthamoeba sp.; Sp2, Acanthamoeba sp.; Sp3, A. castellanii; Sp4, Acanthamoeba sp.; Sp9, A. griffini; Sp5, A. palestinensis; Sp6, A. astronyxis. Error bar, standard deviation of the mean. One unit of enzyme activity is 1 μmol of substrate converted per min.

Article Snippet: Immortalized corneal epithelial cells, kindly provided by D. Walton (Department of Medicine, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom), were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM; Sigma catalog no. M3786) without serum at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Designation Species Strain a Source b Pathogenicity tested by CPE assays Sp1 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp2 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp3 A. castellanii ATCC 30234 Fresh water, U.S. Pathogen Sp4 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp5 A. palestinensis CCAP 1547/1 Soil, Israel (1933) Nonpathogen Sp6 A. astronyxis CCAP 1534/1 Fresh water, U.S. (1944) Nonpathogen Sp7 A. polyphaga CCAP 1501/3C Fresh water, U.S. (1967) Nonpathogen Sp8 A. royreba CCAP 1501/7 BeWo tissue culture, U.S. (1977) Nonpathogen Sp9 A. griffini ATCC 30731 Marine, U.S.

Techniques: Colorimetric Assay, Standard Deviation, Activity Assay

Journal:

Article Title: Proteases as Markers for Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species of Acanthamoeba

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba organisms on immortalized corneal epithelial cells

Article Snippet: Immortalized corneal epithelial cells, kindly provided by D. Walton (Department of Medicine, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom), were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM; Sigma catalog no. M3786) without serum at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Designation Species Strain a Source b Pathogenicity tested by CPE assays Sp1 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp2 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp3 A. castellanii ATCC 30234 Fresh water, U.S. Pathogen Sp4 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp5 A. palestinensis CCAP 1547/1 Soil, Israel (1933) Nonpathogen Sp6 A. astronyxis CCAP 1534/1 Fresh water, U.S. (1944) Nonpathogen Sp7 A. polyphaga CCAP 1501/3C Fresh water, U.S. (1967) Nonpathogen Sp8 A. royreba CCAP 1501/7 BeWo tissue culture, U.S. (1977) Nonpathogen Sp9 A. griffini ATCC 30731 Marine, U.S.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Proteases as Markers for Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species of Acanthamoeba

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative effects of intact Acanthamoeba cells on immortalized corneal epithelial cells after 12 h. P represents pathogenic and NP represents nonpathogenic species or strains. (B) Epithelial-cell monolayer disruption after 24 h using 10 or 30% ACM from Sp1 (P) or Sp6 (NP). Wells containing 30% ACM are indicated by arrows.

Article Snippet: Immortalized corneal epithelial cells, kindly provided by D. Walton (Department of Medicine, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom), were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM; Sigma catalog no. M3786) without serum at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Designation Species Strain a Source b Pathogenicity tested by CPE assays Sp1 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp2 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp3 A. castellanii ATCC 30234 Fresh water, U.S. Pathogen Sp4 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp5 A. palestinensis CCAP 1547/1 Soil, Israel (1933) Nonpathogen Sp6 A. astronyxis CCAP 1534/1 Fresh water, U.S. (1944) Nonpathogen Sp7 A. polyphaga CCAP 1501/3C Fresh water, U.S. (1967) Nonpathogen Sp8 A. royreba CCAP 1501/7 BeWo tissue culture, U.S. (1977) Nonpathogen Sp9 A. griffini ATCC 30731 Marine, U.S.

Techniques: Disruption

Journal:

Article Title: Proteases as Markers for Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species of Acanthamoeba

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Different Acanthamoeba isolates exhibit different protease banding patterns. Acanthamoeba organisms (106) were incubated in 1 ml of MEM without serum at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24 h. The parasites were removed from the medium by centrifugation (100 × g for 5 min). Five microliters of the supernatant was diluted (1:1) in sample buffer, loaded onto an SDS-PAGE gel, and electrophoresed. Following this, SDS was removed by washing in 2.5% Triton, and the gel was incubated overnight in developing buffer (pH 7.5) containing 10 mM CaCl2. Note that different isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibit different banding patterns. Lane 1, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp2); lane 2, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp1); lane 3, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp4); lane 4, A. castellanii (Sp3); lane 5, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp5); lane 6, A. polyphaga (Sp7); lane 7, A. astronyxis (Sp6); lane 8, A. palestinensis (Sp5).

Article Snippet: Immortalized corneal epithelial cells, kindly provided by D. Walton (Department of Medicine, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom), were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM; Sigma catalog no. M3786) without serum at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Designation Species Strain a Source b Pathogenicity tested by CPE assays Sp1 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp2 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp3 A. castellanii ATCC 30234 Fresh water, U.S. Pathogen Sp4 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp5 A. palestinensis CCAP 1547/1 Soil, Israel (1933) Nonpathogen Sp6 A. astronyxis CCAP 1534/1 Fresh water, U.S. (1944) Nonpathogen Sp7 A. polyphaga CCAP 1501/3C Fresh water, U.S. (1967) Nonpathogen Sp8 A. royreba CCAP 1501/7 BeWo tissue culture, U.S. (1977) Nonpathogen Sp9 A. griffini ATCC 30731 Marine, U.S.

Techniques: Incubation, Centrifugation, SDS Page

Journal:

Article Title: Proteases as Markers for Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species of Acanthamoeba

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Different culture conditions alter the protease banding patterns. Acanthamoeba organisms (Sp4; 106) were incubated in 1 ml of MEM without serum under different culture conditions. Lane 1, conditioned medium from Acanthamoeba organisms incubated with epithelial cells at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator; lane 2, Acanthamoeba organisms incubated without epithelial cells (ACM) at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator; lane 3, Acanthamoeba organisms incubated without epithelial cells (ACM) at 37°C in an atmospheric concentration of CO2; lane 4, conditioned medium from Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp4; pathogenic) treated with 1 mM PMSF, showing complete inhibition; lane 5, ACM from A. astronyxis (nonpathogenic [Sp6]); lane 6, ACM from A. astronyxis treated with 1 mM PMSF, showing partial inhibition. Note the change in the protease banding pattern with different culture conditions. Five microliters of ACM was used per lane.

Article Snippet: Immortalized corneal epithelial cells, kindly provided by D. Walton (Department of Medicine, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom), were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM; Sigma catalog no. M3786) without serum at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Designation Species Strain a Source b Pathogenicity tested by CPE assays Sp1 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp2 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp3 A. castellanii ATCC 30234 Fresh water, U.S. Pathogen Sp4 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp5 A. palestinensis CCAP 1547/1 Soil, Israel (1933) Nonpathogen Sp6 A. astronyxis CCAP 1534/1 Fresh water, U.S. (1944) Nonpathogen Sp7 A. polyphaga CCAP 1501/3C Fresh water, U.S. (1967) Nonpathogen Sp8 A. royreba CCAP 1501/7 BeWo tissue culture, U.S. (1977) Nonpathogen Sp9 A. griffini ATCC 30731 Marine, U.S.

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay, Inhibition

Journal:

Article Title: Proteases as Markers for Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species of Acanthamoeba

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of a 107-kDa protease in pathogenic isolates of Acanthamoeba only. Acanthamoeba parasites (106) were incubated in 1 ml of MEM without serum at 37°C at an atmospheric concentration of CO2 for 24 h. The parasites were removed from the media by centrifugation (100 × g for 5 min). Five microliters of the supernatant was diluted (1:1) in sample buffer, loaded onto an SDS-PAGE gel, and electrophoresed. Following this, SDS was removed by washing in 2.5% Triton, and the gel was incubated overnight in developing buffer (pH 7.5) containing 10 mM CaCl2. Note that the 107-kDa protease is overexpressed only in pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains. Lane 1, A. astronyxis (Sp6); lane 2, A. palestinensis (Sp5); lane 3, A. polyphaga (Sp7); lane 4, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp4); lane 5, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp9); lane 6, A. castellanii (Sp3); lane 7, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp2); lane 8, Acanthamoeba sp. (Sp1).

Article Snippet: Immortalized corneal epithelial cells, kindly provided by D. Walton (Department of Medicine, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom), were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM; Sigma catalog no. M3786) without serum at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Designation Species Strain a Source b Pathogenicity tested by CPE assays Sp1 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp2 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp3 A. castellanii ATCC 30234 Fresh water, U.S. Pathogen Sp4 Acanthamoeba sp. PHLS Keratitis, U.K. Pathogen Sp5 A. palestinensis CCAP 1547/1 Soil, Israel (1933) Nonpathogen Sp6 A. astronyxis CCAP 1534/1 Fresh water, U.S. (1944) Nonpathogen Sp7 A. polyphaga CCAP 1501/3C Fresh water, U.S. (1967) Nonpathogen Sp8 A. royreba CCAP 1501/7 BeWo tissue culture, U.S. (1977) Nonpathogen Sp9 A. griffini ATCC 30731 Marine, U.S.

Techniques: Over Expression, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Centrifugation, SDS Page